Damascus was the seat of the umayyad caliphate and a provincial capital under the mamluk sultanate Syrian refugees have sought asylum in more than 130 countries, but the vast majority fled to neighboring countries within the region, such as türkiye, lebanon, jordan, iraq and egypt. The united nations high commissioner for refugees estimates that, by november 2017, more than 5.3 million syrian refugees had left the country as a result of the syrian civil war.
Three campaigns drove the conflict Syrian transitional authorities have taken positive steps on justice, transparency and rights but failed to prevent continued violence and atrocities. December 8 marks a year after syrian dictator bashar assad was toppled
